...taken from LinuxShop
...One of the biggest difficulties in migrating from Windows to Linux is the lack of knowledge about comparable software. Newbies usually search for Linux analogs of Windows software, and advanced Linux-users cannot answer their questions since they often don't know too much about Windows :). This list of Linux equivalents / replacements / analogs of Windows software is based on our own experience and on the information obtained from the visitors of this page (thanks!).
Tuesday, April 26, 2005
Replacement Windows software in Linux.
Looking for a Linux equivalent of that windows software that you like?? check this out The table of equivalents / replacements / analogs of Windows software in Linux.
Linux Permissions
Every directory and file has an owner and an owning group. Similarly, each has permissions. These permissions are presented in the following manner:
owner - group - others
Permissions can be represented as numbers or as letters. For numbers, the following key is used:
Readable = 1
Writable = 2
Executable = 4
So to make a file rwx for only the owner, you would do
If you wanted it rwx by the owner and group, but only rx by others, you would do:
Permissions are also represented by letters. As such, a permission of 777 corresponds to:
rwxrwxrwx
775 would be
rwxrwxr-x
To change permissions in a letter way, you still use chmod, but you have different symbols:
u = owner (user)
g = group
o = others
r = readable
w = writable
x = executable
So to make a file have 777 permissions, you could do:
Or, since you're doing it to everyone, you could just say:
But what if you want to do 775?
The = obviously sets the permissions to EQUAL that. The + adds those permissions, and the - removes those permissions.
...taken from post on Linux Forums: Root Prompt Access
owner - group - others
Permissions can be represented as numbers or as letters. For numbers, the following key is used:
Readable = 1
Writable = 2
Executable = 4
So to make a file rwx for only the owner, you would do
chmod 700 FILEIf you wanted it rwx by the owner and group, but only rx by others, you would do:
chmod 775 FILEPermissions are also represented by letters. As such, a permission of 777 corresponds to:
rwxrwxrwx
775 would be
rwxrwxr-x
To change permissions in a letter way, you still use chmod, but you have different symbols:
u = owner (user)
g = group
o = others
r = readable
w = writable
x = executable
So to make a file have 777 permissions, you could do:
chmod uog+rwx Or, since you're doing it to everyone, you could just say:
chmod +rwx FILEBut what if you want to do 775?
chmod ug=rwx
chmod o=rx
The = obviously sets the permissions to EQUAL that. The + adds those permissions, and the - removes those permissions.
...taken from post on Linux Forums: Root Prompt Access
Friday, April 22, 2005
Add Installation Sources
The Suse installation CDs have only so many .rpms. To simplify the search for .rpms you can add the two popular suse rpm websites to your Installation Source. So when you look thru the YaST install and remove packages it will not only scan your installation CD/DVD for the package but also the websites you add.
Go into "Change Source of Installation" in YaST and add the following two entries:
Add > HTTP
Server Name: packman.iu-bremen.de
Directory on Server: suse/9.3
Add > HTTP
Server Name: ftp.gwdg.de
Directory on Server: pub/linux/misc/suser-guru/rpm/9.3
NOTE: change 9.3 to your SUSE version. Also double check at the websites if they support your version. I know that Guru and Packman have sources for 9.1, 2 & 3.. but dont take my word for it.. double check
Yes.. I installed Suse 9.3.. I was thoroughly unsatisfied with 9.2. I installed 9.1 again and then downloaded 9.3 overnight and did a fresh install of it.. so many reinstalls.. so little 'brains'!.. There are a few sites like KNET that have torrents for Suse 9.3.. Run a search...
Go into "Change Source of Installation" in YaST and add the following two entries:
Add > HTTP
Server Name: packman.iu-bremen.de
Directory on Server: suse/9.3
Add > HTTP
Server Name: ftp.gwdg.de
Directory on Server: pub/linux/misc/suser-guru/rpm/9.3
NOTE: change 9.3 to your SUSE version. Also double check at the websites if they support your version. I know that Guru and Packman have sources for 9.1, 2 & 3.. but dont take my word for it.. double check
Yes.. I installed Suse 9.3.. I was thoroughly unsatisfied with 9.2. I installed 9.1 again and then downloaded 9.3 overnight and did a fresh install of it.. so many reinstalls.. so little 'brains'!.. There are a few sites like KNET that have torrents for Suse 9.3.. Run a search...
Monday, April 18, 2005
Restart Apache
If you need to restart Apache to have it re-read the httpd.conf configuration file then type this in the consile:
Explination:
HUP Signal: restart now
Sending the HUP signal to the parent causes it to kill off its children like in TERM but the parent doesn't exit. It re-reads its configuration files, and re-opens any log files. Then it spawns a new set of children and continues serving hits.
Users of the status module will notice that the server statistics are set to zero when a HUP is sent.
Note: If your configuration file has errors in it when you issue a restart then your parent will not restart, it will exit with an error. See below for a method of avoiding this.
...taken from Stopping and Restarting Apache
kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/apache2/logs/httpd.pid`Explination:
HUP Signal: restart now
Sending the HUP signal to the parent causes it to kill off its children like in TERM but the parent doesn't exit. It re-reads its configuration files, and re-opens any log files. Then it spawns a new set of children and continues serving hits.
Users of the status module will notice that the server statistics are set to zero when a HUP is sent.
Note: If your configuration file has errors in it when you issue a restart then your parent will not restart, it will exit with an error. See below for a method of avoiding this.
...taken from Stopping and Restarting Apache
Sunday, April 17, 2005
Stopping Processes
ps is the shortage for Process Status. The command displays the currently running processes on the system. Quite like the 'Task-Manager' which pops up under Windows NT/2000/XP when you press CTRL+ALT+DEL 'cept here you type 'ps' in a console window and it lists all the processes with their PID (process ID). Why do you need the process id? You can stop the process with the help of the 'kill' command. The kill command needs a process number otherwise it won't know to which process it should send the 'kill' signal.
Typing 'ps' will list only some processes. To list all processes:
Sample Output:
Kill a process:
eg. To kill the firefox browser:
Kill em all...
We're all gonna die!!!
Typing 'ps' will list only some processes. To list all processes:
ps -ASample Output:
14098 ? 00:00:00 httpd
14586 ? 00:00:00 pickup
14638 ? 00:01:46 firefox-bin
14648 ? 00:00:00 gconfd-2
14828 ? 00:00:00 yast2
14845 ? 00:00:09 y2base
15121 ? 00:00:00 kdeinit
Kill a process:
kill (PID #)eg. To kill the firefox browser:
kill 14638Kill em all...
We're all gonna die!!!
Sunday, April 10, 2005
Linux Directory Structure
Parts of a Unix directory tree
/ Root
|---root The home directory for the root user
|---home Contains the user's home directories
| |----ftp Users include many services as listed here
| |----httpd
| |----samba
| |----user1
| |----user2
|---bin Commands needed during bootup that might be needed by normal users
|---sbin Like bin but commands are not intended for normal users. Commands run by LINUX.
|---proc This filesystem is not on a disk. Exists in the kernels imagination (virtual). This directory
| | Holds information about kernel parameters and system configuration.
| |----1 A directory with info about process number 1. Each process
| has a directory below proc.
|---usr Contains all commands, libraries, man pages, games and static files for normal
| | operation.
| |----bin Almost all user commands. some commands are in /bin or /usr/local/bin.
| |----sbin System admin commands not needed on the root filesystem. e.g., most server
| | programs.
| |----include Header files for the C programming language. Should be below /user/lib for
| | consistency.
| |----lib Unchanging data files for programs and subsystems
| |----local The place for locally installed software and other files.
| |----man Manual pages
| |----info Info documents
| |----doc Documentation for various packages
| |----tmp
| |----X11R6 The X windows system files. There is a directory similar to usr below this
| | directory.
| |----X386 Like X11R6 but for X11 release 5
|---boot Files used by the bootstrap loader, LILO. Kernel images are often kept here.
|---lib Shared libraries needed by the programs on the root filesystem
| |----modules Loadable kernel modules, especially those needed to boot the system after
| disasters.
|---dev Device files for devices such as disk drives, serial ports, etc.
|---etc Configuration files specific to the machine.
| |----skel When a home directory is created it is initialized with files from this directory
| |----sysconfig Files that configure the linux system for networking, keyboard, time, and more.
|---var Contains files that change for mail, news, printers log files, man pages, temp files
| |----file
| |----lib Files that change while the system is running normally
| |----local Variable data for programs installed in /usr/local.
| |----lock Lock files. Used by a program to indicate it is using a particular device or file
| |----log Log files from programs such as login and syslog which logs all logins,
| | logouts, and other system messages.
| |----run Files that contain information about the system that is valid until the system is
| | next booted
| |----spool Directories for mail, printer spools, news and other spooled work.
| |----tmp Temporary files that are large or need to exist for longer than they should in
| | /tmp.
| |----catman A cache for man pages that are formatted on demand
|---mnt Mount points for temporary mounts by the system administrator.
|---tmp Temporary files. Programs running after bootup should use /var/tmp.
..taken from The Computer Technology Documentation Project
/ Root
|---root The home directory for the root user
|---home Contains the user's home directories
| |----ftp Users include many services as listed here
| |----httpd
| |----samba
| |----user1
| |----user2
|---bin Commands needed during bootup that might be needed by normal users
|---sbin Like bin but commands are not intended for normal users. Commands run by LINUX.
|---proc This filesystem is not on a disk. Exists in the kernels imagination (virtual). This directory
| | Holds information about kernel parameters and system configuration.
| |----1 A directory with info about process number 1. Each process
| has a directory below proc.
|---usr Contains all commands, libraries, man pages, games and static files for normal
| | operation.
| |----bin Almost all user commands. some commands are in /bin or /usr/local/bin.
| |----sbin System admin commands not needed on the root filesystem. e.g., most server
| | programs.
| |----include Header files for the C programming language. Should be below /user/lib for
| | consistency.
| |----lib Unchanging data files for programs and subsystems
| |----local The place for locally installed software and other files.
| |----man Manual pages
| |----info Info documents
| |----doc Documentation for various packages
| |----tmp
| |----X11R6 The X windows system files. There is a directory similar to usr below this
| | directory.
| |----X386 Like X11R6 but for X11 release 5
|---boot Files used by the bootstrap loader, LILO. Kernel images are often kept here.
|---lib Shared libraries needed by the programs on the root filesystem
| |----modules Loadable kernel modules, especially those needed to boot the system after
| disasters.
|---dev Device files for devices such as disk drives, serial ports, etc.
|---etc Configuration files specific to the machine.
| |----skel When a home directory is created it is initialized with files from this directory
| |----sysconfig Files that configure the linux system for networking, keyboard, time, and more.
|---var Contains files that change for mail, news, printers log files, man pages, temp files
| |----file
| |----lib Files that change while the system is running normally
| |----local Variable data for programs installed in /usr/local.
| |----lock Lock files. Used by a program to indicate it is using a particular device or file
| |----log Log files from programs such as login and syslog which logs all logins,
| | logouts, and other system messages.
| |----run Files that contain information about the system that is valid until the system is
| | next booted
| |----spool Directories for mail, printer spools, news and other spooled work.
| |----tmp Temporary files that are large or need to exist for longer than they should in
| | /tmp.
| |----catman A cache for man pages that are formatted on demand
|---mnt Mount points for temporary mounts by the system administrator.
|---tmp Temporary files. Programs running after bootup should use /var/tmp.
..taken from The Computer Technology Documentation Project
Re-Install again
..once again.. same story.. reinstall..
tried to upgrade 9.1 to 9.2 and i guess the change to the different X the machine had some problems.
X wont start: Failed to initialize core devices Tried to reslove the issue by creating a symlink /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/rules/xorg (i think) and ran xorgconfig. It detected the keyboard fine but I couldnt remember my Video settings so it began giving me a display related error when I started startx.
So i gave up since i had to intall 9.2 anyways.
Strange thing abt 9.2 is it doesnt have a lot of options that 9.1 has, like Apache and stuff.. I still figuring that one out.
And the adventure re-re-begins.
tried to upgrade 9.1 to 9.2 and i guess the change to the different X the machine had some problems.
X wont start: Failed to initialize core devices Tried to reslove the issue by creating a symlink /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/rules/xorg (i think) and ran xorgconfig. It detected the keyboard fine but I couldnt remember my Video settings so it began giving me a display related error when I started startx.
So i gave up since i had to intall 9.2 anyways.
Strange thing abt 9.2 is it doesnt have a lot of options that 9.1 has, like Apache and stuff.. I still figuring that one out.
And the adventure re-re-begins.
Friday, April 8, 2005
Things to Do..
Vacation in another 5 Hours!! 2 Weeks of Geekdome!! Free from Toshiba & Siemens!! Ah!!!
Things To Do:
- Install Suse 9.2 ...done
- Get Gnome Working ...done
- Convert Drives to FAT from NTFS ...done (used partition magic)
- Get MLDonkey going ...done
- Get Bittorrent GUI working ...done
- Work on Apache website.
- Work on vsFTP
- Try Sync Pocket PC
- Try Sync iPod
(will add, subtract, update list as I go)
Things To Do:
- Install Suse 9.2 ...done
- Get Gnome Working ...done
- Convert Drives to FAT from NTFS ...done (used partition magic)
- Get MLDonkey going ...done
- Get Bittorrent GUI working ...done
- Work on Apache website.
- Work on vsFTP
- Try Sync Pocket PC
- Try Sync iPod
(will add, subtract, update list as I go)
Wednesday, April 6, 2005
Sticky4Me: Linux E-Books
LinuxForum.com post on sources from Linux e-Books.
http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/topic-37471.html
http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/topic-37471.html
Saturday, April 2, 2005
Very Safe FTP
Installing was simple.. but setting it up MY way isnt.. I still haven't figured out how to create a Virtual Directory or Alias Directory as I could in Windows' IIS. LinuxForums: Virtual Directory for FTP
- Install vsFTP from YaST.
- Change this value in vsftpd (/etc/xinetd.d/) file to enable the service.
- Run from console:
/etc/init.d/xinetd restart
Thats it. The Server is located on file:/srv/ftp so you can put stuff here to share via FTP. The config file is stored in /etc/vsftpd.conf if you want to muck around with advanced stuff
Ref Link:
http://www.chinalinuxpub.com/doc/www.siliconvalleyccie.com/linux-hn/ftp-server.htm
http://freshmeat.net/projects/vsftpd/
- Install vsFTP from YaST.
- Change this value in vsftpd (/etc/xinetd.d/) file to enable the service.
disable = no- Run from console:
/etc/init.d/xinetd restart
Thats it. The Server is located on file:/srv/ftp so you can put stuff here to share via FTP. The config file is stored in /etc/vsftpd.conf if you want to muck around with advanced stuff
Ref Link:
http://www.chinalinuxpub.com/doc/www.siliconvalleyccie.com/linux-hn/ftp-server.htm
http://freshmeat.net/projects/vsftpd/
Installing Firefox with that damned libpopt!
Somehow I dont like Konqurer too much. Guess I'm too used to Firefox and its IE similar features. While installing Firefox though I had tons of trouble coz it kept popping up an error while installing the RPM that a dependancy libpopt.so.0 was required. I searched high and low for the popt library. Strangly it was already installed when i checked YaST. I downloaded a few RPMs for libpopt but it still kept saying that the dependancy wasn't found. So I installed FireFox from the Mozilla website.. but it didnt seem to work quite right. finally after googling around I came upon a solution that kinda worked.
- Uninstalled/deleted all versions of FireFox or Mozilla.
- Restarted the system.
- Installed popt Version: 1.7-176.3
- Installed MozillaFirefox Version: 1.0.2-0.1
Somehow this worked.. dunno what did it..
But Firefox v0.08 got installed !??! dont ask how.. but its working. Theres some security warning abt it so I'd better figure out how to upgrade it soon.. but at least I can update my blog from Linux now.. Konqueror wouldnt let me do that!
FireFoxed!
- Uninstalled/deleted all versions of FireFox or Mozilla.
- Restarted the system.
- Installed popt Version: 1.7-176.3
- Installed MozillaFirefox Version: 1.0.2-0.1
Somehow this worked.. dunno what did it..
But Firefox v0.08 got installed !??! dont ask how.. but its working. Theres some security warning abt it so I'd better figure out how to upgrade it soon.. but at least I can update my blog from Linux now.. Konqueror wouldnt let me do that!
FireFoxed!
ReInstall OS !!!!
Yeah.. I tried to see if i can format the wasting windows partition using YaST to be used by linux and dunno what went wrong but I kept starting in text mode and it wouldnt let me startx...read some posts online abt this problem but i gave up... so.. i reinstalled.
no more windows partition.. my entire 40gb hdd is now dedicated to linux.. im trying to figure out how to change the format of my 120gig to fat from ntfs without losing data coz writing to ntfs isnt stable in linux and my heart and soul is on that hdd.
im so glad i wrote down the processes for setting up stuff.. its helping tons now that i have to resetup the machine.. ive put updates where im missing better explinations in the posts...
the adventure re-begins!
no more windows partition.. my entire 40gb hdd is now dedicated to linux.. im trying to figure out how to change the format of my 120gig to fat from ntfs without losing data coz writing to ntfs isnt stable in linux and my heart and soul is on that hdd.
im so glad i wrote down the processes for setting up stuff.. its helping tons now that i have to resetup the machine.. ive put updates where im missing better explinations in the posts...
the adventure re-begins!
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
